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| Bull Shoals Lake |
Bull Shoals LakeBull Shoals Lake is an artificial lake in the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. It has hundreds of miles of lake arms and coves perfect for boating, water sports, swimming, and fishing. Nineteen developed parks around the shoreline provide campgrounds, boat launches, swim areas, and marinas.
Bull Shoals Lake was created by one of the largest concrete dams in the United States. Work on the dam was begun in 1947 and completed in 1952. The lake covers 45,000 acres (182 km²) and has a 1 thousand mile (1,600 km) shoreline, with forests along the shores. The lake is known for its largemouth and striped bass.
Bull Shoals-White River State Park is a 725 acre (2.9 km²) park both above and below the massive dam. Facilities, including camping, pavilions, dock and interpretive programs, stretch along the banks of the White River. Along the lakeshore, the park offers picnic sites and playgrounds.
External links
- http://www.ArkansasStateParks.com
- http://www.swl.usace.army.mil/parks/bullshoals/
Category:Lakes of Missouri
Category:Lakes of Arkansas
Lake
A Lake is a body of water surrounded by land. The majority of lakes are fresh water, and most lie in the northern hemisphere at higher latitudes. Large lakes are sometimes referred to as "inland seas" and small seas are sometimes referred to as lakes.
The term lake is also used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre, which is dry most of the time but becomes filled under seasonal conditions of heavy rainfall. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydro-electric power supply, recreation (swimming, wind surfing,...), water supply, etc.
Finland is known as The Land of the Thousands Lakes (actually there are 187,888 lakes in Finland, 60,000 of them are big ones) and Minnesota is known as The Land of Ten Thousand Lakes. The Great Lakes of North America originated in the ice age.
Over 60% of the world's lakes are in Canada; this is because of the deranged drainage system that dominates the country.
Origin of natural lakes
Most lakes are young, as the natural results of erosion will tend to wear away one of the basin sides containing the lake. There are a number of natural processes that can form lakes. A recent tectonic uplift of a mountain range can create bowl-shaped depressions that accumulate water and form lakes. The advance and retreat of glaciers can scrape depressions in the surface where lakes accumulate. Such lakes are common in Scandinavia, Siberia and Canada.
Lakes can also form by means of landslides or by glacial blockages. An example of the latter occurred during the last ice age in the state of Washington, when a huge lake formed behind a glacial flow. When the ice retreated, the result was an immense flood that created the Dry Falls Monument at Sun Lakes, Washington.
Saline lakes can form where there is no natural outlet or the water evaporates rapidly, and the drainage surface of the water table has a higher than normal salt content. Examples of salt lakes include the Great Salt Lake, the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea.
Small, crescent-shaped lakes called oxbow lakes can form in river valleys as the result of meandering. The slow-moving river forms a sinuous shape as the outer side of bends is torn away more rapidly than the inner side. Eventually a horseshoe bend is formed and the river cuts through the narrow neck. This gap now forms the main passage for the river and the ends of the bend become silted up.
Lake Vostok is an under-ice lake in Antarctica, possibly the largest in the world. The pressure from ice and the internal chemical composition means that if the lake were drilled into, it may result in a fissure and spraying in the same manner as a shaken can of soda.
Some lakes, like Lake Baikal and Lake Tanganyika are volcanic in origin, and lie on geological fault lines. The Crater Lake in Oregon is a lake located within the caldera of an extinct volcano.
Some lakes come into existence as a result of sinkhole activity.
Characteristics
The change in level of a lake is controlled by the difference between the sources of inflow and outflow, compared to the total volume of the lake. The significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake; runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake's catchment area; groundwater channels and aquifers, and man-made sources from outside the catchment area. Output sources are evaporation from the lake; surface and groundwater flows, and any extraction of lake water by humans. As climate conditions and human water requirements vary, these will create fluctuations in the lake level.
Lakes can be categorized on the basis of their richness of nutrients, which typically effects plant growth. Nutrient poor lakes are said to be oligotrophic, and are generally clear, having a low concentration of plant life. Mesotropic lakes have good clarity and an average level of nutrients. Eutrophic lakes are enriched with nutrients, resulting in good plant growth and possible algal blooms. A hypertrophic lake is a water body that has been highly enriched with nutrients. These lakes typically have poor clarity and are subject to algal blooms. Lakes typically reach this condition due to human activities, such as heavy use of fertilizers in the lake catchment area. Such lakes are of little use, and have a poor ecosystem.
Types of lakes
A periglacial lake is one in which part of its margin is formed by an ice sheet, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land.
A subglacial lake is one which is permanently covered by ice. They can occur under glaciers and ice caps or ice sheets. There are many such lakes, but Lake Vostok in Antarctica is by far the largest. The are kept liquid because the overlying ice acts as a thermal insulator retaining energy introduced to its underside by friction, water percolating through crevasses, by the pressure from the mass of the ice sheet above or by geothermal heating below.
Because of the unusual relationship between water's temperature and its density, the water in lakes in temperate climates mixes twice a year. Fresh water is most dense at about 4 degrees Celsius. When the temperature of the water at the surface of a lake reaches the temperature at which water is most dense all the water in the lake can mix, bringing oxygen starved water up from the depths, and bringing oxygen down to decomposing sediments. When the density of surface water differs from that of the deeper water there is a marked barrier layer, the thermocline, that prevents mixing. Deep Temperate lakes can maintain a reservoir of cold water year-round. The reservoir of deep, cold water allows cities to tap that reservoir for deep lake water cooling.
Since the water of deep tropical lakes never reaches the temperature where water reaches its maximum density, there is no process that makes the water mix. The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved, and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, and possibly other gases, like sulfur dioxide, if there is even a trace of volcanic activity. Exceptional events, like earthquakes or landslides, which do cause mixing, that brings up the deep layers, can release a vast cloud of toxic gas. The amount of gas that can be dissolved in water is pressure related. As the water surfaces, and the pressure drops, a vast amount of gas cab comes out of solution. Under these circumstances even carbon dioxide is toxic. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air, and the released carbon dioxide flows down the river valley.
Artificial lakes
A reservoir (French: réservoir) is an artificial lake created by flooding land behind a dam. Some of the world's largest lakes are reservoirs.
Artificial lakes can also be made deliberately by digging one or by flooding an open-pit mine.
Abiotic and biotic limnology
mine
Limnology divides lakes in three zones: littoral zone, which is a sloped area that is close to land; open-water zone, where sunlight is abundant; and deep-water zone, where little sunlight can reach. The depth which light can reach in lakes depends on the density and motion of particles. These particles can be sedimentary or biological in origin and are responsible for the color of the water. Decaying plant matter for instance is responsible for a yellow or brown color, while algae result in greenish water. In very shallow water bodies, iron oxides make water reddish brown. Biological particles are algae and detritus. A sediment particle is in suspension if its weight is less than the random turbidity forces acting upon it. The turbidity is a decisive factor in the transparency of the water. Bottom-dwelling detritivorous fish are responsible for turbid waters, because they stir the mud in search for food. Piscivorous fish eat plant-eating (planktonivorous) fish, thus increasing the number of algae (see aquatic trophic cascade). The light depth or transparency is measured by using a Secchi disk. This is a 20 cm disk with alternating white and black quadrants. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible, is the Secchi depth, and is a measure for transparency. It is commonly used to test eutrophication.
A lake moderates the surrounding region's temperature and climate because water has a very high specific heat capacity (4186). In the daytime, the lake can cool the land beside it with local winds, resulting in a sea breeze; in the night, it can warm it, forming a land breeze.
How lakes disappear
A lake may be infilled with deposited sediment, and gradually, the lake becomes a wetland, such as a swamp or marsh. An important difference exists between lowland and highland lakes: lowland lakes are more placid, are less rocky/more sedimentary, have a less sloping bottom, and generally contain more plant life. Large water plants (typically reeds) accelerate this closing process significantly because they trap sediment. Turbid lakes, and lakes with much plant-eating fish, tend to disappear slower. A "disappearing" lake (barely noticeable on a human timescale) typically has a water's edge with extensive plant mats. They become a new habitat for other plants (like peat moss, when conditions are right) and animals, many of which are very rare. Gradually, the lake closes, and young peat may form, forming a fen. In lowland river valleys (allowing the river to meander), the presence of peat is explained by the closing of historical oxbow lakes. In the very last stages of succession, more trees would grow in, eventually turning the wetland into a forest.
Some lakes can also disappear seasonally; they are called Intermittent lakes and are typical of karstic terrain. A prime example of this is Lake Cerknica in Slovenia.
On June 3, 2005 in Bolotnikovo, Russia, a lake called White Lake vanished in a short period of time (minutes). News sources reported government officials theorized that this strange phenomena may have been caused by a shift on soil underneath the lake which drained water to channels leading to Oka River.
Neusiedler See, located in Austria and Hungary, dried up several times for a of number years during the past centuries. As of 2005, it is again rapidly losing water, giving rise to the fear that it will be completely dried up by 2010.
Extraterrestrial lakes
At present the surface of the planet Mars is too cold to permit pooling of liquid water on the surface. However geologic evidence appears to confirm that ancient lakes once formed on the surface. It is also possible that volcanic activity on Mars will occasionally melt the subsurface ice, forming large lakes. Under current conditions this water will quickly evaporate or freeze unless insulated in some manner, such as by a coating of volcanic ash.
Jupiter's small moon Io is volcanically active due to tidal stresses, and as a result sulfur deposits have accumulated on the surface. Some photographs taken during the Galileo mission appear to show lakes of liquid sulfur on the surface.
There are dark basaltic plains on the Moon, similar to lunar maria but smaller, that are called lacus (singular lacus, Latin for "lake"). They were once thought by early astronomers to be literal lakes.
Notable lakes
- The largest lake in the world by surface area is the Caspian Sea. With a surface area of 394,299 sq. km., it has a surface area greater than the next six largest lakes combined.
- The largest freshwater lake, and second largest lake altogether is Lake Superior with a surface area of 82,414 sq. km. It is also the largest lake in North America and is a part of the Great Lakes.
- The deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Siberia, with a bottom at 1,741 m (5,712 ft.) and is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume.
- The highest navigable lake is lake Titicaca, at 3821 m above sea level. It is also the second largest lake in South America.
- The world's highest lake is Lhagba Pool in Tibet at 6,368 m.
- The world's lowest lake is the Dead Sea, at 396 m (1,302 ft.) below sea level. It is also the lake with the highest salt concentration.
- The largest freshwater-lake island is Manitoulin Island on Lake Huron, with a surface area of 2,766 square km.
- The largest lake located on an island is Nettilling Lake on Baffin Island.
- Lake Toba on the island of Sumatra is located in what is probably the largest resurgent caldera on Earth.
- The largest freshwater lake in Europe is Lake Balaton, followed by Lake Geneva.
- Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa. It is a part of the Great Lakes of Africa.
- Lake Maracaibo is the largest lake in South America. Lake Titicaca is the largest freshwater lake in South America.
- The largest lake located completely within the boundaries of a single city is Lake Wanapitei in the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Before the current city boundaries came into effect in 2001, this status was held by Lake Ramsey, also in Sudbury.
- Saimaa is the largest lake in Finland (the land of 187,888 lakes).
See also
- List of lakes
- Loch
- Lough
- Pond
- Limnology
- Lagoon
- Geography
- Tarn
External links
- [http://www.highestlake.com/ Lists of the highest lakes in the US and the world]
- [http://www.mlswa.org/lkclassif1.htm Lake Classification Systems]
- [http://www.uklakes.net/ UKLakes Database]
- [http://www.midwestlakes.org/ Midwest Lakes Policy Center]
Category:Bodies of water
Category:Landforms
ko:호수
ja:湖
simple:Lake
th:ทะเลสาบ
Ozark Mountains:For other uses, see Ozark (disambiguation).
Ozark (disambiguation).]]
The Ozarks or the Ozark Plateau, an upland region, is actually a dissected plateau of about 50,000 square miles (129,500 km²). It is chiefly in central and southern Missouri and north Arkansas, but is also partly in Oklahoma and Kansas, between the Arkansas and Missouri rivers. The Ozark Highland area and the Black Hills of South Dakota are the only major highland regions in the US between the Appalachians and the Rocky Mountains.
The Ozarks, which rise from the surrounding plains, are locally referred to as mountains. Composed of a central core of igneous rock surrounded and mostly overlain by limestone and dolomite, the ancient land form has been worn down by erosion. Summits (knobs) are found wherever there is a resistant rock outcrop; the Boston Mountains are the highest and most rugged section, with several peaks more than 2,000 ft (610 m) high. The Ozark Plateaus consists of three sections—the Springfield Plateau, the Salem Plateau, and the Boston Mountains. Topography is mostly gently rolling, except in the Boston Mountains, along the escarpments separating the Springfield and Salem Plateaus, and the Saint Francois Range where it is rugged. Karst features such as springs, sinkholes, and caves are common in the limestones of the Springfield Plateau and abundant in the dolomite bedrock of the Salem Plateau and Boston Mountains.
The Saint Francois Mountain Range rises above the Ozark plateau and is the geological cause of the highland dome. The igneous and volcanic rocks of the Saint Francois Mountains are the remains of a Precambrian mountain range. The core of the range existed as a island in the Paleozoic seas. Reef complexes occur in the sedimentary layers surrounding this ancient island. These flanking reefs were points of concentration for later ore bearing fluids which formed the rich lead-zinc ores that have been mined in the area. Concentric circles of elevation emanating from the range outward can be observed from outer space. The Saint Francois Range is the core of the Ozarks even though sometimes not considered part of the Ozarks because it has exposed igneous rock and no Karst features, and was formed by volcanic activity rather than erosion. The igneous and volcanic rocks extend at depth under the relatively thin veneer of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and form the basal crust of the entire region.
The Ozarks contained rich ore deposits of lead, zinc, iron, and barite. Many of these deposits have been depleted by historic mining activities, but much remains and is currently being mined. Vinyards and fruit-growing areas are prevalent. Much of the area supports beef cattle ranching and dairy farming is common across the area. Subsistence farming and household crafts are found in the more isolated regions. The Ozarks have several large lakes that were created by dams across the White and Black rivers; the dams generate electricity. These lakes have provided a large tourist, boating and fishing economy along the Missouri-Arkansas border. The scenic Ozarks, with forests, streams, and mineral springs, are a popular tourist region, and the construction of summer homes there has grown.
Ozark culture
Ozark also refers to a region of people with a distinct culture, architecture, and dialect shared by the people that live on the plateau. The people in this area have more in common with one another than with their surrounding states. One of the attributes of this cultural and dialectic area is that the peoples have local names for the areas not well-known outside the region. People outside of the Ozarks typically do not refer to areas such as: forest
- White River Hills along the Missouri-Arkansas border;
- Shepherd of the Hills Country around Branson, Missouri;
- Irish Wilderness located in south central Missouri;
- Boston Mountains of Arkansas; and
- Cookson Hills in Oklahoma.
See also
- Buffalo National River
- United States physiographic regions
- List of U.S. multistate regions
External links
- [http://www.dnr.state.mo.us/geology/adm/publications/Ozarks.pdf MO Conservation Ozarks Guide]
- [http://www.springfieldadventures.com Springfield, Missouri, Convention & Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.arkansas.com/attractions/region.asp?region=Ozarks Arkansas Parks and Tourism Ozark Page]
- [http://www.ahtd.state.ar.us/Environ/Wild%20Flower%20Routes/natural_divisions_of_arkansas.htm Natural Divisions of Arkansas]
- [http://www.mdc.state.mo.us/nathis/natcom/natdiv/ MO Conservation Natural Divisions Page]
- [http://www.watersheds.org/ Bryant Creek Watershed Atlas]
Ozarks, The
Ozarks, The
Ozarks, The
Ozarks, The
Ozarks, The
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Missouri
:For the Native American tribe, see Missouri tribe.
Missouri, named after the Missouri Siouan Indian tribe meaning "town of the large canoes", is a U.S. state in the United States with Jefferson City as its capital. It is a midwestern state, with some Northern, Eastern, Western, and Southern cultural influences. The state's nickname is the [http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/history/slogan.asp Show-Me] State; the U.S. Post Office abbreviation for Missouri is MO and the state public university's main campus is located in Columbia. The Mississippi and Missouri rivers are the two large rivers which flow through this state.
USS Missouri was named in honor of this state.
History
Originally part of the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821 as part of the Missouri Compromise. It earned the nickname "Gateway to the West" because it served as a departure point for settlers heading to the west. It was the starting point and the return destination of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. During the Civil War, Missouri, a slave state, remained in the Union, but sentiment was split with a significant portion of the populace in some areas supporting the Confederate cause.
Law and government
The capital of Missouri is Jefferson City.
The current constitution of Missouri, the fourth constitution for the state, was adopted in 1945 and provides for three branches of government, the legislative, judicial and executive branches. The legislative branch consists of two bodies, the House of Representatives and the Senate. These bodies comprise the General Assembly of the State of Missouri.
The House of Representatives has 163 members that are apportioned based on the last decennial census. The Senate consists of 34 members from districts divided such that the population of each district is approximately equal.
The Judicial department consists of a supreme court consisting of 7 judges. Superior and inferior courts are also provided.
The executive branch is headed by the Governor.
- The Governor of Missouri is Matt Blunt (Republican).
- The Lieutenant Governor of Missouri is Peter Kinder (Republican)
- The Missouri Attorney General is Jay Nixon (Democrat)
- The Missouri Secretary of State is Robin Carnahan (Democrat)
- The Missouri State Auditor is Claire McCaskill (Democrat)
- The Missouri State Treasurer is Sarah Steelman (Republican)
- The Senior United States Senator is Christopher S. "Kit" Bond (Republican)
- The Junior United States Senator is James M. Talent (Republican)
Although neither major party has traditionally been dominant in Missouri, the Republican Party has been gaining strength there in recent years. Missouri has a longer stretch of supporting the winning presidential candidate than any other state, having chosen with the nation in every election since 1904 with the exception of Adlai Stevenson in 1956. In 2004, George W. Bush won the state's 11 electoral votes by a margin of 7 percentage points with 53.3% of the vote. Democrat John Kerry only won four of the state's 115 counties—St. Louis City, St. Louis County, Ste. Genevieve, and Jackson County.
Geography
1956
Missouri's border physically touches a total of eight different states. It is bounded on the north by Iowa; on the east, across the Mississippi River, by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee; on the south by Arkansas; and on the west by Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (the latter two across the Missouri River.)
North of the Missouri River lie the Northern Plains that stretch into Iowa, Nebraska and Kansas. Here, gentle rolling hills remain behind from a glacier that once had extended from the north to the Missouri River.
The Ozark plateau begins south of the river and extends into Arkansas, S. E. Kansas, and N. E. Oklahoma. Springfield, Missouri in southwestern Missouri lies on the Ozark plateau. Southern Missouri is the home of the Ozark Mountains, a dissected plateau surrounding the Precambrian igneous St. Francois Mountains. It is in the Ozarks that a distinct dialect, often compared to that of residents in certain areas of Kentucky and Tennessee, still exists.
The southeastern part of the state is home to the Bootheel, part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain or Mississippi embayment. This region is the lowest, flattest and wettest part of the state. It is also the most fertile. It is here that one finds cotton and rice production. The Bootheel area was the focus of the great New Madrid Earthquake of 1811–1812.
Although now generally considered part of the Midwest, Missouri was once thought of as Southern, and still is by many Missourians today.
For example, Mark Twain, who grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, in Life on the Mississippi described his upbringing as in "the South." Still, while larger cities, especially those in the northern part of the state (i.e. St. Louis, Columbia, Kansas City) consider themselves "Midwestern", rural areas and cities further south (i.e. Cape Girardeau and Springfield) consider themselves more "Southern".
Additional topics
- Climate of Missouri
- Missouri National and State Parks
- List of Missouri counties
Transportation
List of Missouri counties
Kansas City is still a major railroad hub for Burlington Northern Santa Fe, Norfolk Southern, Kansas City Southern, and Union Pacific. The state of Missouri also has two major airport hubs now as well with Kansas City International Airport and Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport. Several highways also traverse the state.
- Interstate 29, Interstate 229
- Interstate 35, Interstate 435 (the Perimeter around the Kansas City Metropolitan Area), Interstate 635
- Interstate 44
- Interstate 55, Interstate 155, Interstate 255
- Interstate 57
- Interstate 64
- Interstate 70, Interstate 170, Interstate 270 (the Perimeter around the Missouri side of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area), Interstate 470, Interstate 670
- Interstate 72
- Interstate 49 (Proposed)
Economy
[http://www.bea.gov/ The Bureau of Economic Analysis] estimates that Missouri's total state product in 2003 was $195 billion. Per capital personal income in 2003 was $29,464, 27th in the nation.
Major industries include aerospace, transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, printing/publishing, electrical equipment, light manufacturing.
The agriculture products of the state are beef, soybeans, pork, dairy products, hay, corn, poultry, and eggs. Missouri is ranked 6th in the nation for the production of hogs and 7th for cattle. As of 2001, there were 108,000 farms, the second largest number in any state after Texas. Missouri also actively promotes its quickly-growing wine industry.
Missouri has vast quantities of limestone. Other minerals mined are lead, coal, Portland cement and crushed stone. Missouri produces the most lead of all of the states in the Union with most of these mines in the central eastern portion of the state. Missouri also ranks first or near first among the production of lime.
Tourism, services and wholesale/retail trade follow manufacturing in importance.
Demographics
As of 2004, the population of Missouri was estimated to be 5,754,618. This includes 194,000 foreign-born (3.4% of the state population). The state's population has increased by 638,000 since 1990, a growth of 12.5%.
Race and ancestry
The racial makeup of the state and comparison to the prior census:
The five largest ancestry groups in Missouri are: German (23.5%), Irish (12.7%), American (10.5%), English (9.5%), French (3.5%). 'American' includes those reported as Native American or African American.
German-Americans are a large ancestry group present in most of Missouri. In southern Missouri, most residents are of British/American ancestry. The northern edge of the state also has a high proportion of residents of British and American ancestry. Blacks are a populous minority in the City of St. Louis and central Kansas City and are also an important minority in the southeastern bootheel and the Missouri River Valley, areas where plantation agriculture was once important. Missouri Creoles of French ancestry are concentrated in the Mississippi River valley south of St. Louis.
6.6% of its population were reported as under 5, 25.5% under 18, and 13.5% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.4% of the population.
3.4% of Missourians are foreign-born, and 5.1% speak a language other than English at home. The 1997 birth and death rates were:
| Births: | 74,037 |
| Deaths: | 54,322 |
| Infant deaths: | 564 |
81.3% were high school graduates (higher than the national average) while 21.6% had a bachelor's degree or higher.
The mean commute time to work was 23.8 minutes. The homeownership rate in 2000 was 70.3% with the mean value of the owner occupied dwelling being $89,900. There were 2,194,594 households with 2.48 people per household. The median household money income for 1999 was $37,934 with the 1999 Per Capita Money Income of $19,936. There were 11.7% (637,891) Missourians living below the poverty line in 1999.
Religion
The religious affiliations of the people of Missouri:
- Christian – 83%
- Protestant – 62%
- Baptist (mostly Southern Baptist) – 23%
- Methodist – 8%
- Lutheran – 4%
- Episcopal – 4%
- Other Protestant – 23%
- Roman Catholic – 20%
- Other Christian – 1%
- Other Religions – 1%
- Non-Religious – 16%
Of those Missourians who identify with a religion, three in four are Protestants. There is also a moderate-sized Catholic community present in the some parts of the state; approximately one out of five Missourians are Catholics. Heavily Catholic areas include Kansas City and St. Louis.
A number of religious organizations have their headquarters in Missouri, including the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, which has its headquarters in Kirkwood, outside St. Louis. Kansas City is the headquarters of the Church of the Nazarene. Independence, outside of Kansas City, is the headquarters for the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), and the Latter Day Saints group Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Springfield is the headquarters of the Assemblies of God.
Culture
There is an idiom "being from Missouri" which relates to the state's unofficial slogan: "show me" (which even appears on their license plates). People from Missouri have a reputation for being skeptical. (See [http://www.virtualtourist.com/m/6d7ce/515/] and
[http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/history/slogan.asp].)
Important cities and towns
license plate
Education
Missouri's public school system includes kindergarten to 12th grade and requires all children between the ages of 7–16 inclusive to be enrolled in a school. The University of Missouri is Missouri's statewide public university system, having campuses in Saint Louis, Kansas City, Columbia and Rolla. Additionally, Missouri has several regional public universities in different parts of the state, the largest being Missouri State University (after heated political debate in Jefferson City, the name was changed from Southwest Missouri State University in spring 2005) having the second largest student enrollment after University of Missouri-Columbia (commonly referred to as "Mizzou").
Colleges and universities
Professional sports teams
- Baseball: Saint Louis Cardinals and Kansas City Royals
- Football: Saint Louis Rams and Kansas City Chiefs
- Hockey: Saint Louis Blues
- Soccer: Kansas City Wizards
- Indoor Soccer: St. Louis Steamers
- Arena Football: Kansas City Brigade
Minor leagues
- Baseball:
- Springfield Cardinals (Class AA, Texas League)
- Mid-Missouri Mavericks (Independent, Frontier League)
- River City Rascals (Independent, Frontier League)
See also
- Missouri River
- Missouri tribe
- Missouri Pacific Railroad
- Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor
- List of people from Missouri and the Missouri Wall of Fame
- List of individuals executed in Missouri
- List of BSA local councils and districts in Missouri
- List of Missouri State Highways
- List of television stations in Missouri
References
- U.S. Census Bureau.
- [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29000.html Missouri QuickFacts]. Geographic and demographic information.
- [http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0056/tab40.pdf Missouri - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990] (PDF)
External links
- [http://www.state.mo.us/ Missouri Government]
- [http://www.mohistory.org/ Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis]
- [http://www.system.missouri.edu/shs/ State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia]
- [http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/africanamerican/intro.asp Missouri's African American History]
- [http://www.missouritourism.org Missouri State Tourism Office]
- [http://www.statelocalgov.net/mo.htm State and Local Government on the Net]
- [http://www.vitalrec.com/mo.html Vital Records Information]
- [http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/tables/redist_mo.html Census Data]
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Category:States of the United States
ko:미주리 주
ja:ミズーリ州
simple:Missouri
Dam:This article discusses structures for water impoundment. For other meanings, see dam (disambiguation).
dam (disambiguation), Australia, was engineered to withstand a once-in-5000-years flood event]]
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. Most dams have a section called a spillway, over which or through which it is intended that water will flow either intermittently or continuously.
Types of dams
lake]]
Dams may be classified according to structure, intended purpose or height.
Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes.
Intended purposes include providing water for irrigation or town or city water supply, improving navigation, generating hydroelectric power, creating recreation areas or habitat for fish and wildlife, flood control and containing effluent from industrial sites such as mines or factories. Few dams serve all of these purposes but some multi-purpose dams serve more than one.
According to height, a large dam is higher than 15 metres and a major dam is over 150 metres in height. Alternatively, a low dam is less than 30 m high; a medium-height dam is between 30 and 100 m high, and a high dam is over 100 m high.
What is sometimes called a saddle dam is actually a dike, a wall built at the edge of a lake to protect nearby land from flooding. This is similar to a levee, which is a wall built along a river or stream to protect adjacent land from flooding.
An overflow dam is designed to be overtopped. A weir is a type of small overflow dam that can be used for flow measurement.
A check dam is a small dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil erosion.
A dry dam is a dam designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream.
Diversionary dams
A diversionary dam is a dam that does not completely block a river. Some of the flow is siphoned off into a separate lake, in front of which is the dam.
Timber dams
The timber dam is rarely used by humans because of its short lifespan and the limitation in height to which it can be built. The locations where timber dams are most economical to build are those where timber is plentiful, cement is costly and difficult to transport, and only a submerged diversion dam is required. Timber dams used to be more numerous, but most have been replaced with concrete, especially those in industrialized countries. A few timber dams are still in use, however. Timber is the basic material used by beavers, often with the addition of mud or stones.
Embankment dams
Embankment dams are made from fill material not joined by mortar, and have two main types, rockfill and earth dams. Embankment dams rely on their weight to hold back water, like the gravity dams made from concrete.
Rock-fill dams
beaver
Rock-fill dams are embankments of loose rock with either a watertight upstream face of concrete slabs or timber or a watertight core. Where suitable rock is at hand, a minimum of transportation of materials can be realized with this type of dam. Like the earth embankment, rock-fill dams usually resist damage from earthquakes quite well. However, water infiltration may cause liquefaction at embankment dams during an earthquake. This problem can be eliminated by keeping the susceptible material dry. New Melones Dam is a rock-fill dam.
Earth dams
New Melones Dam
Earth dams, also called earthen and earth-fill dams, are constructed as a simple homogeneous embankment of well-compacted earth, sometimes with a watertight concrete or clay core or upstream face, or sometimes with a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core. A type of temporary earth dam occasionally used in high latitudes is the frozen-core dam, in which a coolant is circulated through pipes inside the dam to maintain a watertight region of permafrost within it. Oroville Dam is an example of an earth dam, and is the tallest dam in the United States.
Masonry dams
Masonry dams are of either the gravity or the arch type.
Gravity dams
arch.]]
In a gravity dam, stability is secured by making it of such a size and shape that it will resist overturning, sliding and crushing at the toe. The dam will not overturn provided that the moment around the turning point, caused by the water pressure is smaller than the moment caused by the weight of the dam. This is the case if the resultant force of water pressure and weight falls within the base of the dam. However, in order to prevent tensile stress at the upstream face and excessive compressive stress at the downstream face, the dam cross section is usually designed so that the resultant falls within the middle third at all elevations of the cross section (the core). For this type of dam, good impervious foundations are essential.
When situated on a suitable site, a gravity dam inspires more confidence in the layman than any other type; it has mass that lends an atmosphere of permanence, stability, and safety. When built on a carefully studied foundation with stresses calculated from completely evaluated loads, the gravity dam probably represents the best developed example of the art of dam building. This is significant because the fear of flood is a strong motivator in many regions, and has resulted in gravity dams being built in some instances where an arch dam would have been more economical.
Gravity dams are classified as "solid" or "hollow." The solid form is the more widely used of the two, though the hollow dam is frequently more economical to construct. Gravity dams can also be classified as "overflow" (spillway) and "non-overflow." Grand Coulee Dam is a solid gravity dam and Itaipu Dam is a hollow gravity dam.
Arch dams
Itaipu Dam]
In the arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. If the upstream face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity, while the distribution of the normal hydrostatic pressure between vertical cantilever and arch action will depend upon the stiffness of the dam in a vertical and horizontal direction. When the upstream face is sloped the distribution is more complicated. The normal component of the weight of the arch ring may be taken by the arch action, while the normal hydrostatic pressure will be distributed as described above. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the abutments (either buttress or canyon side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock. The safety of an arch dam is dependent on the strength of the side wall abutments, hence not only should the arch be well seated on the side walls but also the character of the rock should be carefully inspected.
Two types of single-arch dams are in use, namely the constant-angle and the constant-radius dam. The constant-radius type employs the same face radius at all elevations of the dam, which means that as the channel grows narrower towards the bottom of the dam the central angle subtended by the face of the dam becomes smaller. Jones Falls Dam, in Canada, is a constant radius dam. In a constant-angle dam, also known as a variable radius dam, this subtended angle is kept a constant and the variation in distance between the abutments at various levels are taken care of by varying the radii. Constant-radius dams are much less common than constant-angle dams. Parker Dam is a constant-angle arch dam.
The multiple-arch dam consists of a number of single-arch dams with concrete buttresses as the supporting abutments. The multiple-arch dam does not require as many buttresses as the hollow gravity type, but requires good rock foundation because the buttress loads are heavy. See Geotechnical engineering.
Cofferdams
Geotechnical engineering. ]]
A cofferdam is a sometimes temporary barrier constructed to exclude water from an area that is normally submerged. Made commonly of wood, concrete or steel sheet piling, cofferdams are used to allow construction on the foundation of permanent dams, bridges, and similar structures. When the project is completed, the cofferdam may be demolished. See also causeway and retaining wall.
Spillways
retaining wall soon after first fill]]
A spillway is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the upstream side of a dam to the downstream side. Many spillways have floodgates designed to control the flow through the spillway.
A service spillway or primary spillway passes normal flow. An auxiliary spillway releases flow in excess of the capacity of the service spillway. An emergency spillway is designed for extreme conditions, such as a serious malfunction of the service spillway. A fuse-plug spillway is a low embankment designed to be overtopped and washed away in the event of a large flood.
Any cavitation or turbulence of the water flowing over the spillway slowly eats the dam.
To minimize that erosion (especially with maximum water elevation at the crest), the downstream face of the spillway is ordinarily made an ogee curve.
It was the inadequate design of the spillway that caused the overtopping of a dam that caused the infamous Johnstown Flood.
Other considerations
The best place for building a dam is a narrow part of a deep river valley; the valley sides can then act as natural walls. The primary function of the dam's structure is to fill the gap in the natural reservoir line left by the stream channel. The sites are usually those where the gap becomes a minimum for the required storage capacity. The most economical arrangement is often a composite structure such as a masonry dam flanked by earth embankments. The current use of the land to be flooded should be dispensable.
Significant other engineering considerations when building a dam include
- permeability of the surrounding rock or soil
- earthquake faults
- peak flood flows
- reservoir silting
- environmental impacts on river fisheries, forests and wildlife (see fish ladder)
- impacts on human habitations
- compensation for land being flooded as well as population resettlement
- removal of toxic materials and buildings from the proposed reservoir area
fish ladder]
Dam failures are generally catastrophic if the structure is breached or significantly damaged. Routine monitoring of seepage from drains in, and around, larger dams is necessary to anticipate any problems and permit remedial action to be taken before structural failure occurs. Most dams incorporate mechanisms to permit the reservoir to be lowered or even drained in the event of such problems. Another solution can be rock grouting - pressure pumping portland cement slurry into weak fractured rock.
Environmental impacts
([http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ND05/indepth/environment.asp Source]: Canadian Geographic)
More than half of the world’s large rivers have been dammed, regulating and flooding approximately 400,000 square kilometres of land worldwide. These diversions have an effect on diverse ecosystems and habitats around the globe, replacing them with uniform structures and reservoirs and ultimately changing the way otherwise balanced, stable ecosystems function.
Stream flow
The life of a river is closely tied to its stream flow, which constantly fluctuates. Damming a river and altering its flow pattern generates a number of physical and biological impacts. The disruption of a river’s flow obstructs its’ natural current and affects the water’s habitat.
One of the largest impacts a lack of current has on a river is the sediment flow, which is normally carried down the river by the current. When trapped by a dam, the sediment is held in the reservoir and settles to the bottom while clear water containing very little sediment is released down the river.
Over time, the easily erodible material from the riverbed is carried away with no sediment being deposited to replace it. This leaves a rocky stream bed, resulting in a poorer habitat for aquatic fauna.
Barrier to migration
The most visible and obvious effect of dams is that they fragment rivers and make migration difficult for fish and other aquatic life. Species, such as salmon and eels that migrate to spawn, may not make it to their destination or may suffer injury or death while travelling through turbines or over spillways. Fish that do make it through are often disoriented and become more susceptible to predators.
Some dams are equipped with fish passage structures, or fish ladders, to attempt to accommodate the migration of a river’s aquatic life. Questions have been raised as to whether fish ladders are actually too stressful for an adult fish and that its’ chances for successful spawning is reduced.
Water quality impacts
When water is held in the reservoir of a dam, the quality of water is affected in several ways, the extent of which depending on how long it is held there.
The initial creation of a reservoir on a floodplain submerges the existing vegetation and soil, causing much of the organic material to decompose over time which can deplete oxygen from the water supply.
The establishment of a deep reservoir will almost always lead to thermal stratification during summer months. Water warmed by the sun forms an upper warm layer called the Epilimnion which is well oxygenated. The bulk of the water is held in the lower, cold unmixed layer, the Hypolimnion. This cold water receives relatively little light, has no contact with the air and is often depleted in oxygen. The boundary between these two layers is the thermocline.
Where draw-off towers or sluices in dams release water from the Hypolimnion into the downstream river, the water discharged may be unusually cold and may be low in oxygen and high in metals such as Manganese. All these propoerties can have seriously adverse effects on the normal biota of a river.
Mercury, which can exist at very low levels in the soil in inorganic forms in the soil, may be transformed by bacteria into methyl mercury once the soil is flooded if the benthic conditions become substantially anoxic. Methyl mercury is a cumulative toxin to veterbrate species and may enter the food chain from consumption of reservoir fish. Such circumstances are theoretically possible but very rare in practice.
Examples of dams
- Three Gorges Dam, China
- Itaipu Dam, Brazil/Paraguay
- Aswan Dam, Egypt
- Grande Dixence Dam, Switzerland
- Benmore Dam, New Zealand
- Glen Canyon Dam, United States
- Grand Coulee Dam, United States
- Hoover Dam, United States
- Hume Dam, Australia
- Kariba Dam, Zambia/Zimbabwe
- Vishvesvaraya Dam, India
- Mactaquac Dam, Canada
- Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Lockport Powerhouse, United States
- Lake Pedder - Lake Gordon, Australia
- Snowy Mountains Scheme, Australia
Failed dams
- South Fork Dam - 1889
- St. Francis Dam - 1928
- Malpasset - 1959
- Vajont Dam - 1961
- Baldwin Hills Dam - 1963
- Buffalo Creek Flood - 1972
- Banqiao and Shimantan Dams - 1975
- Teton Dam - 1976
- Kelly Barnes Dam - 1977
- Lawn Lake Dam - 1982
- Opuha Dam - 1997
- Camará Dam - 2004
- Shakidor Dam - 2005
See also
Canal Lock
- List of reservoirs and dams
- Beaver a dam-building rodent
- :de:Talsperren-Katastrophen (Failed Dams; in German language)
- Ilisu Dam Campaign campaign against a planned dam in Turkey
External links
- [http://www.icold-cigb.org/ International Commission On Large Dams (ICOLD)]
- [http://www.structurae.de/en/structures/stype/s3.cfm Structurae: Dams and Retaining Structures]
- [http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Publications/SL/CT/Ballad%20-%20Part%202.pdf The Ballad of Ecological Awareness] (pdf)
- [http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/manuals/SmallDams.pdf "Design of Small Dams", US Bureau of Reclamation, 65MB pdf]
- [http://http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ND05/indepth/environment.asp "Dam science"] Canadian Geographic
-
Category:Buildings and structures
Category:Engineering
Category:Civil engineering
ko:댐
ja:ダム
th:เขื่อน
Largemouth bass
The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of order Perciformes. One of the black basses, it is native to a wide area east of the Rocky Mountains in North America, encompassing the Mississippi River basin, the Saint Lawrence River–Great Lakes system, and up into the Hudson Bay basin, as well as down into Florida, Texas, and northeastern Mexico.
The largemouth bass is marked by a series of dark blotches forming a ragged horizontal stripe along the length of each side ("lateral lines"). The lateral lines are used by a largemouth bass as motion detectors to locate prey or avoid being prey at night or in other dark water conditions. The upper jaw of a largemouth bass extends beyond the back of the eye. The largest of the black basses, it has reached a maximum recorded overall length of 97 cm (38 in), and a maximum recorded weight of 10 kg (22 lb). It can live as long as 23 years.
M. salmoides prefers a habitat of warm, calm, clear water and is usually found in slow-moving streams, ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. A predatory fish, the largemouth bass eats other fish, frogs, crayfish, even small ducklings—any animals it can swallow. It is reported to be cannibalistic. The young feed primarily on smaller crustaceans and fish, as well as insects.
insects
Females can lay up to a million eggs during each spawning.
This species is highly sought after for recreational fishing. It has been very widely introduced for this purpose throughout the world, and is now considered cosmopolitan. In some counties, its introduction has damaged ecosystems and harmed native species, and IUCN considers it one of the world's 100 worst invasive species.
The heaviest largemouth bass on record was caught by George Perry at Montgomery Lake in Telfair County, Georgia, on June 2, 1932, and it weighed 22.25 lbs.
The largemouth bass is the state fish of Mississippi.
The largemouth bass is also known as the Oswego bass.
References
- FishBase: [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Micropterus&speciesname=salmoides Micropterus salmoides]
- ITIS: [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=168160 Micropterus salmoides]
- Byerly, Tracy. "[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Micropterus_salmoides.html Micropterus salmoides: Information]". Animal Diversity Web. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 2000.
- "[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=94 Ecology of Microptera salmoides]". Global Invasive Species Database. Updated 22 September 2004.
- Rohde, F. C., et al. Freshwater Fishes of the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
ja:オオクチバス
Category:Sunfishes
Category:Invasive species
Bull Shoals-White River State ParkBull Shoals-White River State Park is a 663 acre (2.7 km²) park in northwestern Arkansas managed by the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism.
Bull Shoals-White River State Park is located along the shore of Bull Shoals Lake near Flippin, Arkansas in the Ozark Mountains region of northwestern Arkansas.
Bull Shoals State Park started in 1955 as an undeveloped shoreline leased from the Army Corps of Engineers.
The park provides access to the White River which is one on the United States premier trout fishing streams as well as access to Bull Shoals Lake. This dual access provides visitors with an appealing combination of some of the best trout fishing in North America and an excellent recreational boating lake.
Category:Arkansas state parks
Category:Lakes of MissouriCategory:Geography of Missouri
Missouri Lozère (Paris Metro)This is a list of the stations of the Paris RER urban rail network. Intramural (Parisian) stations, likely to be of most interest, are in bold.
- A1
- Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- Le Vésinet - Le Pecq
- Le Vésinet - Centre
- Chatou - Croissy
- Rueil-Malmaison
- Nanterre - Ville
- Nanterre - Université
- A3, A5
- A3
- Cergy - Le Haut
- Cergy - Saint-Christophe
- Cergy - Préfecture
- Neuville - Université
- Conflans - Fin d'Oise
- Achères - Ville
- A5
- Poissy
- Achères - Grand Cormier
- Maisons-Laffitte
- Sartrouville
- Houilles - Carrières-sur-Seine
- Nanterre - Préfecture
- La Défense
- Charles de Gaulle - Étoile
- Auber
- Châtelet - Les Halles
- Gare de Lyon
- Nation
- Vincennes
- A2
- Fontenay-sous-Bois
- Nogent-sur-Marne
- Joinville-le-Pont
- Saint-Maur - Créteil
- Le Parc de Saint-Maur
- Champigny
- La Varenne - Chennevières
- Sucy - Bonneuil
- Boissy-Saint-Léger
- A4
- Val de Fontenay
- Neuilly - Plaisance
- Bry-sur-Marne
- Noisy-le-Grand - Mont d'Est
- Noisy - Champs
- Noisiel
- Lognes
- Torcy
- Bussy-Saint-Georges
- Val d'Europe
- Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy
- B3
- Aéroport Charles de Gaulle 2 - TGV
- Aéroport Charles de Gaulle 1
- Parc des Expositions
- Villepinte
- Sevran - Beaudottes
- B5
- Mitry - Claye
- Villeparisis - Mitry-le-Neuf
- Vert - Galant
- Sevran - Livry
- Aulnay-sous-Bois
- Le Blanc - Mesnil
- Drancy
- Le Bourget
- La Courneuve - Aubervilliers
- La Plaine - Stade de France
- Gare du Nord
- Châtelet - Les Halles
- St-Michel - Notre-Dame
- Luxembourg
- Port-Royal
- Denfert-Rochereau
- Cité Universitaire
- Gentilly
- Laplace
- Arcueil - Cachan
- Bagneux
- Bourg-la-Reine
- B2
- Sceaux
- Fontenay-aux-Roses
- Robinson
- B4
- Parc de Sceaux
- La Croix de Berny
- Antony
- Fontaine Michalon
- Les Baconnets
- Massy - Verrières
- Massy - Palaiseau
- Palaiseau
- Palaiseau - Villebon
- Lozère
- Le Guichet
- Orsay Ville
- Bures-sur-Yvette
- La Hacquinière
- Gif-sur-Yvette
- Courcelle-sur-Yvette
- Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse
- C1, C3
- C1
- Pontoise
- Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône
- Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône - Liesse
- Pierrelaye
- Montigny - Beauchamp
- Franconville - Le Plessis-Bouchard
- Cernay
- C3
- Argenteuil
- Sannois
- Ermont - Eaubonne
- Saint-Gratien
- Épinay-sur-Seine
- Gennevilliers
- Les Grésillons
- Saint-Ouen
- Porte de Clichy
- Pereire - Levallois
- Neuilly - Porte Maillot
- Avenue Foch
- Avenue Henri Martin
- Boulainvilliers
- Avenue du Pdt Kennedy
- C5, C7
- C5
- Versailles - Rive Gauche
- Porchefontaine
- C7
- Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
- Saint-Cyr
- Versailles - Chantiers
- Viroflay - Rive Gauche
- Chaville - Vélizy
- Meudon - Val-Fleury
- Issy
- Issy - Val de Seine
- Bd Victor
- Javel
- Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel
- Pont de l'Alma
- Invalides
- Musée d'Orsay
- St-Michel - Notre-Dame
- Gare d'Austerlitz
- Bibliothèque François Mitterrand
- Ivry-sur-Seine
- Vitry-sur-Seine
- Les Ardoines
- Choisy-le-Roi
- C2
- Les Saules
- Orly - Ville
- Pont de Rungis - Aéroport d'Orly
- Rungis La Fraternelle
- Chemin d'Antony
- Massy - Verrières
- Massy - Palaiseau
- C4, C6, C8
- Villeneuve-le-Roi
- Ablon
- Athis - Mons
- Juvisy-sur-Orge
- Savigny-sur-Orge
- C4, C6
- Épinay-sur-Orge
- Ste-Geneviève-des-Bois
- St-Michel-sur-Orge
- Brétigny-sur-Orge
- C4
- La Norville - Saint-Germain-lès-Arpajon
- Arpajon
- Égly
- Breuillet - Bruyères-le-Châtel
- Breuillet - Village
- Saint-Chéron
- Sermaise
- Dourdan
- Dourdan-la-Forêt
- C6
- Marolles-en-Hurepoix
- Bouray
- Lardy
- Chamarande
- Étréchy
- Étampes
- Saint-Martin d'Étampes
- C8
- Petit Vaux
- Gravigny - Balizy
- Chilly - Mazarin
- Longjumeau
- Massy - Palaiseau
- Igny
- Bièvres
- Vauboyen
- Jouy-en-Josas
- Petit Jouy - Les Loges
- Versailles - Chantiers
- D1
- Orry-la-Ville - Coye
- La Borne Blanche
- Survilliers - Fosses
- Louvres
- Les Noues
- Goussainville
- Villiers-le-Bel
- Garges - Sarcelles
- Pierrefitte - Stains
- Saint-Denis
- Stade de France - St-Denis
- Gare du Nord
- Châtelet - Les Halles
- Gare de Lyon
- Maisons-Alfort - Alfortville
- Le Vert de Maisons
- Villeneuve - Prairie
- Villeneuve-Triage
- Villeneuve - Saint-Georges
- D2
- Montgeron - Crosne
- Yerres
- Brunoy
- Boussy-Saint-Antoine
- Combs-la-Ville - Quincy
- Lieusaint - Moissy
- Savigny-le-Temple - Nandy
- Cesson
- Le Mée-sur-Seine
- Melun
- D4
- Vigneux-sur-Seine
- Juvisy-sur-Orge
- Viry-Châtillon
- Ris-Orangis
- Grand-Bourg
- Evry
- Grigny-Centre
- Orangis - Bois-de-l'Epine
- Evry - Courcouronnes
- Le Bras-de-Fer
- Corbeil -Essonnes
- Moulin-Galant
- Mennecy
- Ballancourt
- La Ferté-Alais
- Boutigny
- Maisse
- Buno - Gironville
- Boigneville
- Malesherbes
- Haussmann - St-Lazare
- Magenta
- Pantin
- Noisy le Sec
- E2
- Bondy
- Le Raincy - Villemonble - Montfermeil
- Gagny
- Le Chénay - Gagny
- Chelles - Gournay
- E4
- Rosny - Bois-Perrier
- Rosny-sous-Bois
- Val de Fontenay
- Nogent - Le Perreux
- Les Boullereaux - Champigny
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