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1990

1990

:This article is about the year. For other uses, see 1990 (disambiguation). :"MCMXC" redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a.D.. 1990 (MCMXC) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January


- January 3 - Former leader of Panama Manuel Noriega surrenders to American forces.
- January 7 - The Leaning Tower of Pisa is closed to the public due to safety concerns.
- January 9 - Lt Gen Bazilio Olara Okello, the man who led the coup against Dr Apolo Milton Obote's government, dies in Ormduruman Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan.
- January 10 - Time Warner is formed from the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc.
- January 11 - Massive (200,000) demonstration in favor of Lithuanian independence.
- January 13 - Douglas Wilder becomes the first elected African American governor as he takes office in Richmond, Virginia.
- January 15 - Thousands storm the Stasi HQ in Berlin in an attempt to view their records.
- January 18 - Former McMartin preschool operators Raymond Buckey and his mother Peggy McMartin Buckey are acquitted in a Los Angeles, California court of 52 child molestation charges.
- January 18 - Washington, DC, Mayor Marion Barry is arrested for drug possession in an FBI sting.
- January 22 - Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. is convicted of releasing the 1988 Internet worm.
- January 25 - Avianca Flight 52 crashed into Cove Neck, Long Island, after a miscommunication between the flight crew and JFK airport officials.
- January 25 - The Berlin Wall starts to come down.
- January 25-January 26 - Burns' Day storm rages over northwestern Europe - 97 dead
- January 27 - City of Tiraspol in the Moldavian SSR declares brief independence
- January 29 - The trial of the former skipper of the Exxon Valdez, Joseph Hazelwood, begins in Anchorage, Alaska. He is accused of negligence that resulted in America's worst oil spill.
- January 31 - The first McDonald's opens in Moscow, USSR.

February

USSR
- February 2 - Apartheid: In South Africa President F.W. de Klerk allows the African National Congress to legally function again and promises to set Nelson Mandela free.
- February 7 - Collapse of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly of power
- February 10 - South African President F.W. de Klerk announces that Nelson Mandela would be released the next day.
- February 11 - James "Buster" Douglas KOs Mike Tyson to win world heavyweight boxing crown.
- February 11 - Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster prison, near Cape Town, South Africa
- February 13 - German reunification: An agreement is reached for a two-stage plan to reunite Germany
- February 15 - The United Kingdom and Argentina restore diplomatic links after 8 years. The UK had broken off links in response to Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands, a British Dependent Territory
- February 26 - The Sandinistas are defeated in Nicaraguan elections.
- February 26 - The USSR agrees to withdraw all 73500 troops from Czechoslovakia by July, 1991.
- February 27 - Exxon Valdez oil spill: Exxon and its shipping company are indicted on five criminal counts.

March


- March 1 - A fire at the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo kills 16.
- March 1 - Steve Jackson Games is raided by the U.S. Secret Service, prompting the later formation of the EFF.
- March 1 - Royal New Zealand Navy discontinues the daily rum ration
- March 4 - Afrisecal movement/ Afrisecaism introduced as an intellectual school of thought to the Literary collective of Jos by Francis Okechukwu Ohanyido on his birthday as part of the "Afriquest initiative".
- March 6 - An SR-71 sets a US transcontinental speed record of 1 hour 8 minutes 17 seconds, on what is publicized as its last official flight.
- March 9 - Police seals off Brixton South London after another night of protests against the poll tax
- March 9 - Dr. Antonia Novello is sworn in as Surgeon General of the United States, becoming the first female and Hispanic to serve in that position
- March 9 - Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Clyde Wells confirms he will rescind Newfoundland's approval of the Meech Lake Accord, effectively killing the Accord
- March 10 - 18 months after seizing power in a coup, Prosper Avril is ousted in Haiti
- March 11 - Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union
- March 11 - Patricio Aylwin is sworn-in as the first democratically-elected Chilean president since 1970
- March 15 - Gulf War: Iraqis hang British journalist Farzad Bazoft for spying. Daphne Parish, a British nurse, is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment as an accomplice
- March 15 - Mikhail Gorbachev is elected as the first executive president of the Soviet Union
- March 15 - The Soviet Union announces that Lithuania's declaration of independence is invalid
- March 18 - 12 paintings, collectively worth $100 million, are stolen by two thieves posing as police officers from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts. This is the largest art theft in US history and the paintings (as of 2005) have not been recovered
- March 18 - East Germany holds first free elections since 1932
- March 18 - Thieves loot Isabella Steward Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts, stealing paintings and treasures worth estimated $200 million (not recovered as of 2005)
- March 20 - Ferdinand Marcos's widow, Imelda Marcos, goes on trial for bribery, embezzlement, and racketeering
- March 21 - After 75 years of South African rule Namibia becomes independent
- March 21 - A massive poll tax demonstration in Trafalgar Square, London turns into a riot. 417 people injured, 341 arrested
- March 23 - Gerald Bull assassinated in Brussels
- March 24 - The government of Australian prime minister Bob Hawke is re-elected for a 4th term.
- March 25 - In New York City, a fire due to arson at an illegal social club called "Happy Land" kills 87
- March 27 - Propaganda: The United States begins broadcasting TV Martí to Cuba
- March 27 - Namibia becomes a state independent of South Africa
- March 28 - President George H. W. Bush presents Jesse Owens with the Congressional Gold Medal.
- March 31 - London anti-Poll Tax Riots in Trafalgar Square. Incident subsequently known as "The Second Battle of Trafalgar"

April


- April 7 - Iran Contra Affair: John Poindexter is found guilty of five charges for his part in the scandal but the convictions were later reversed after an appeal
- April 7 - Scandinavian Star, a Bahamas-registered ferry, catches fire en route from Norway to Denmark - 158 dead
- April 13 - The Soviet Union apologizes for the Katyn Massacre
- April 15 - Food poisoning kills 450 guests of an engagement party in Uttar Pradesh
- April 24 - The Space Shuttle Discovery places the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit.It becomes operational May 20
- April 24 - West and East Germany agree to merge currency and economies on July 1

May


- May 2 - In London, England, man brandishing a knife robs courier Nicholas Lane of bearer bonds worth £292 million - the largest mugging to date.
- May 15 - Portrait of Doctor Gachet by Vincent van Gogh is sold for a record $82.5 million.
- May 19 - British agriculture Minister John Gummer feeds a hamburger to his 5-year-old daughter to counter rumours about the spread of Mad cow disease and its transmission to humans
- May 20 - The first post- Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania
- May 22 - The leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen announce the unification of their countries as the Republic of Yemen.
- May 29 - Rhode Island celebrates its bicentennial statehood.

June


- June 1 - U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and to start destroying each of their nation's stockpiles
- June 12 - The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty (see Russia Day)
- June 20 - British Chancellor John Major proposes a new European currency which would circulate alongside existing national currencies.
- June 22 - Underwater volcano Mount Didicas erupts in the Philippines

July


- July 2 - Stampede in a pedestrian tunnel leading to Mecca - 1426 pilgrims dead
- July 8 - At 12:34:56 PM the time and date by US reckoning was 12:34:56 7/8/90.
- July 8 - West Germany defeats Argentina 1-0 to win the Football World Cup 1990
- July 12 - Square Co., Ltd. releases Final Fantasy in North America.
- July 15 - Tamil Tigers kill 168 Muslims in Colombo, Sri Lanka
- July 16 - In the Philippines, an earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter Scale kills over 1600
- July 25 - The Serbian Democratic Party declares sovereignty of the Serbs in Croatia
- July 27 - The parliament building and a government television house in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago are stormed by the Jamaat al Muslimeen in a Coup d'état attempt which lasts five days. Approximately 26 to 30 people are killed and several wounded (including then Prime Minister, A.N.R. Robinson, who was shot in the leg).
- July 27 - Belarus declares its sovereignty; a key step toward independence from the USSR.
- July 28 - Alberto Fujimori becomes president of Peru
- July 30 - IRA car bomb kills British MP Ian Gow, a staunch unionist.

August


- August 2 - Gulf War: Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War.
- August 3 - The highest temperature recorded in the UK until 2003 - 37.1°C (98.8°F) at Cheltenham in Gloucestershire
- August 6 - Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
- August 7 - John Cain Resigns as VIC premier over a series of financial scandals and is replaced by Joan Kirner (10th)
- August 7 - At 12:34:56 (both AM and PM) the time and date by British reckoning was 12:34:56 7/8/90 i.e. 1234567890.
- August 19 - Leonard Bernstein conducts his final concert, ending with Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
- August 27 - Blues musician Stevie Ray Vaughan dies in a helicopter crash along with 4 others following a concert near East Troy, Wisconsin.

September


- September 2 - Transnistria declares its independence from the Moldavian SSR; however, the declaration is not recognized by any government.
- September 11 - President George H. W. Bush delivers a nationally televised speech in which he threatens the use of force to remove Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait, which Iraq had recently invaded.
- September 12 - The two German states and the Four Powers sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany in Moscow, paving the way for German re-unification.

October


- October 3 - German re-unification, East Germany becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
- October 5 - After one hundred and fifty years, ten months and two days (Friday, January 3, 1840 - Friday, October 5, 1990), The Herald broadsheet newspaper in Melbourne, Australia is published for the last time as a separate newspaper. Founded in 1840 as The Port Phillip Herald, it is merged with its morning tabloid sister paper The Sun News-Pictorial and the first issue of the new Herald Sun, described by owner Rupert Murdoch as "The world's first 24-hour newspaper", with morning and afternoon editions, is published on the 8th
- October 8 - Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount
- October 13 - Lebanese Civil War: Syrian military forces invade and occupy Mount Lebanon, ousting General Michel Aoun's government. This effectively consolidates Syria's 14 year occupation of Lebanese soil.
- October 15 - Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and reform his nation.
- October 27 - Supreme Soviet of Kyrgyzstan choses Askar Akayev as republic's first president
- October 27 - New Zealand general election returns National with record number of seats - 67; Labour 29, NewLabour 1

November


- November 1 - Mary Robinson defeats odds-on favourite Brian Lenihan to become the first woman President of Ireland.
- November 1 - The Australian domestic avation market is deregulated.
- November 5 - Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the far-right Kach movement, is shot dead after a speech at a New York City hotel and Reynir Ver Jónsson borned.
- November 8 - Mary Robinson becomes the first female president of the Republic of Ireland.
- November 11 - Gulf War: The U.N. Security Council passes Resolution 678, giving Iraq until Tuesday, January 15, 1991 to withdraw its forces from Kuwait
- November 12 - Crown Prince Akihito becomes the 125th Japanese monarch and takes the title Emperor Akihito of Japan
- November 12 - Tim Berners-Lee publishes a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web. [http://www.w3.org/Proposal]
- November 13 - The first known web page is written.
- November 14 - Germany and Poland sign a treaty confirming the border at the Oder-Neisse line.
- November 15 - Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Atlantis launches with flight STS-38.
- November 18 - Andrei Tjikatilo is arrested on suspicion of serial murder and rape
- November 21 - The Super Famicom (aka Super Nintendo) is released in Japan
- November 22 - Margaret Thatcher resigns as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- November 25 - Lech Wałęsa and Stanisław Tymiński win the 1st round of first presidential elections in Poland, see: December 9
- November 27 - The UK Conservative Party chooses John Major to succeed Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- November 29 - Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council passes UN Security Council Resolution 678, authorizing military intervention in Iraq if that nation did not withdraw its forces from Kuwait and free all foreign hostages by Tuesday, January 15, 1991.
- November 29 - Treasurer Paul Keating announces that Australia is experiencing an economic recession.

December


- December 1 - Channel Tunnel workers from the United Kingdom and France meet 40 meters beneath the English Channel seabed, establishing the first ground connection between the United Kingdom and the mainland of Europe since the last ice age
- December 1 - The Los Angeles, California radio station KROQ opens their first annual Acoustic Christmas live concert.
- December 2 - A coalition led by Chancellor Helmut Kohl wins the first free all-German elections since 1932
- December 3 - At Detroit Metropolitan Airport, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 carrying Northwest Airlines Flight 1482 collides with a Boeing 727 carrying Northwest Airlines Flight 299 on the runway, killing 8 passengers and 4 crewmembers aboard flight 1482
- December 3 - Mary Robinson is elected the first female President of Ireland.
- December 6 - Saddam Hussein releases the Western hostages
- December 9 - Slobodan Milošević becomes President of Serbia
- December 9 - Lech Wałęsa wins the 2nd round of Poland's first presidential election
- December 16 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide is elected president of Haiti, ending three decades of military rule.
- December 31 - Russian Garry Kasparov holds his title by winning the World Chess Championship match against his countryman Anatoly Karpov.

Births


- January 7 - Liam Aiken, American actor
- January 30 - Jake Thomas, American actor
- February 11 - Q'Orianka Kilcher, German-born actress
- February 13 - Erdini Qoigyijabu, eleventh Panchen Lama
- February 23 - Christian Copelin, American actor
- February 28 - Anna Muzychuk, Ukrainian chess player
- March 8 - Abigail and Brittany Hensel, American conjoined twins
- March 23 - Princess Eugenie of York
- March 24 - Keisha Castle-Hughes, Australian-born actress
- April 9 - Kristen Stewart, American actress
- April 10 - Alex Pettyfer, British actor
- April 15 - Emma Watson, British actress
- May 1 - Caitlin Stasey, Australian actress
- May 2 - Kay Panabaker, American actress
- May 16 - Thomas Sangster, English actor
- July 24 - Daveigh Chase, American actress
- August 6 - JonBenét Ramsey, American beauty queen and murder victim (d. 1996)
- October 18 - Carly Schroeder, American actress
- October 22 - Jonathan Lipnicki, American actor
- November 7 - Marisa Siketa, Australian actress
- November 27 - Shane Haboucha, American actor
- November 30 - Magnus Carlsen, Norwegian chess player
- December 17 - Ashley Edner, American actress
- December 20 - Joanna Noelle Levesque, American singer/Actress

Deaths


- January 2 - Alan Hale Jr., American actor (b. 1918)
- January 4 - Doc Edgerton, American electrical engineering (b. 1903)
- January 6 - Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- January 9 - Spud Chandler, baseball player (b. 1907)
- March 13 - Karl Münchinger, German conductor (b. 1915)
- March 20 - Lev Yashin, Russian footballer (b.1929)
- April 15 - Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (b.1905)
- April 17 - Ralph Abernathy, American civil rights leader (b. 1926)
- May 16 - Sammy Davis Jr., American actor, dancer, and singer (b. 1925)
- May 16 - Jim Henson, American puppeteer (b. 1936)
- June 3 - Stiv Bators, American singer (The Dead Boys) (b. 1949)
- June 22 - Ilya Frank, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- July 7 - Bill Cullen, American game show host (b. 1920)
- July 18 - Yun Po Sun, President of South Korea (b. 1897)
- July 22 - Manuel Puig, Argentinian writer (b. 1932)
- August 17 - Pearl Bailey, American singer and actress (b. 1918)
- August 27 - Stevie Ray Vaughan, American guitarist (b. 1954)
- September 16 - Len Hutton, English cricketer (b. 1916)
- September 26 - Alberto Moravia, Italian novelist (b. 1907)
- September 30 - Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
- October 13 - Le Duc Tho, Vietnamese general and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)
- October 14 - Leonard Bernstein, American composer and conductor (b. 1918)
- November 17 - Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
- November 23 - Roald Dahl, English writer (b. 1916)
- December 2 - Aaron Copland, American composer (b. 1900)
- December 14 - Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (b. 1921)
- December 16 - Douglas Campbell, American World War I flying ace (b. 1896)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall, and Richard Edward Taylor
- Chemistry - Elias James Corey
- Physiology or Medicine - Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
- Literature - Octavio Paz
- Peace - Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, Derek Gooley

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel


- Harry Markowitz, Merton Miller, William Sharpe

Fields Medalists


- Vladimir Drinfeld, Vaughan Frederick Randal Jones, Shigefumi Mori, Edward Witten

Templeton Prize


- Baba Amte (Joint Award)
  - L. Charles Birch (Joint Award)

Right Livelihood Award


- Alice Tepper Marlin, Bernard Lédéa Ouedraogo, Felicia Langer and ATCC (Asociación de Trabajadores Campesinos del Carare)

Uncertain dates

For a brief while in early 1990, Romania had a civil war in the aftermath of the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the opposition was for Nicolae Ceauşescu and the Communist regime, and those for the new regime.
- New Revised Standard Version of the Bible is published in the United States.
- Metropolitan Aleksy of Leningrad elected Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia.
- First Anglican female priests in the United Kingdom are ordained at St. Anne's Cathedral, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
- Robert Runcie announces resignation as Archbishop of Canterbury. George Carey succeeds him.
- Channel 7 + 10 networks go into receivership (Aus)
- Homosexual Acts between Consenting adults decriminalized in Queensland
- Beginnings of Trance music
- General continuation of 1980s-style pop culture as large events in 1991 and 1992 such as the Grunge movement start the Nineties pop cultural era
- als:1990 ko:1990년 ja:1990年 simple:1990 th:พ.ศ. 2533

1990 (disambiguation)

1990 can refer to:
- The year 1990 A.D.
- 1990 (number)
- 1990 (breakdancing move)
- 1990 (TV series), a 1977 BBC2 sci-fi show
- 1990 (album), a 1973 music album by the Temptations

Enigma (musical project)

Enigma is a musical project started by Michael Cretu and his wife Sandra Cretu in 1990. Michael is both the composer and the producer; Sandra often provides vocals on Enigma tracks. The pair have also worked together under the name Sandra. Five studio albums have been produced under the name of the project and a sixth one is currently in production, slated to be released in late 2006.

History

From the late 70s onwards, Michael Cretu already had his own music career on his hands and apart from several collaboration efforts with several other musicians, he also contributed to his wife's albums. Before Enigma, he released a number of albums under his own name but they all were not particularly successful sales-wise. Cretu revealed in an interview that he believed that his ideas were soon running out at that point. It was then that Cretu plotted the creation of Enigma as a 10 year project. Ditching his old habits and rules, he headed onto a different direction and in December 1990, he came up with the project's groundbreaking debut album, MCMXC a.D.. The album was Cretu's first commercial success through the single "Sadeness (Part I)", which juxtaposed Gregorian chants and sexual overtones over a dance beat that was highly peculiar to the ears of the public at that time. Before the album was released, Cretu was cautious of the response towards the upcoming album, decided to forgo mentioning his and most of the personnel's real name and credited himself as Curly M.C., while the album sleeve contained little information about the background of the project, furthering the mystery and enigma about the creators of the album and leading to speculation whether Enigma was a band, a person or a group. In 1993, Cretu was given an offer by producers to compose the full soundtrack of the motion picture, Sliver but he was unable to accept the offer. Instead, he came up with "Carly's Song" and "Carly's Loneliness", which was used in the movie and credited in the motion picture soundtrack as well. In the following year, The Cross of Changes was released and it received about the same, if not a even larger and better response from the public. However, both of the albums also hitched up lawsuits over the issue of sampling from other music sources. In 1996, Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! (French for "The King is dead, long live the king!") was released. Cretu's idea was that this third album was the child of the following two albums, and therefore included familiar elements of Gregorian chants and tribal chants in it. Though the album was still meticulously crafted by Cretu, it didn't manage to surpass the acheivements of the previous albums. Originally three singles were scheduled to be released from the album, but the last one ("The Roundabout") was cancelled for unknown reasons in 1998. The 1999 release of The Screen Behind the Mirror included samples from Carl Orff's Carmina Burana on four tracks on the album. This time, the all too familiar Gregorian chants were toned down a lot, but still Shakuhachi flutes and other traditional Enigma signatures remain. Only "Gravity of Love" and "Push the Limits" were released as singles from the album. Ruth-Ann Boyle from the band Olive and also Andru Donalds mark their first appearance on the Enigma project. In 2001, Cretu released a new single called "Turn Around" together with Love Sensuality Devotion: The Greatest Hits and Love Sensuality Devotion: The Remix Collection to end what he considers to be the first chapter of Enigma. A light show was held at the Munich Planetarium in conjuction of the release of the compilation albums. 2003's Voyageur was considered a total makeover for the project. Practically the famous Shakuhachi flutes, ethnic and/or Gregorian chants and all notable Enigma signature techniques were removed entirely from the album. From a statistical point of view, every Enigma studio album has roughly half less of its sales compared to the previous release. On August 28, 2005, Enigma's management ([http://www.crocodile-music.de/enigma/index.php Crocodile-Music.de]) announced the release of the project's latest single, "Hello and Welcome". The single was originally slated to be released in October, however it has since been moved to November 25, 2005 and now it has been postponed to an unknown date. Information was also provided suggesting that the next studio album will probably be released near the end of 2006.

Music

Every Enigma album starts with the signature "Enigma horn" mixed into the introductory music and ends with the same horn in the last track of the album, with the exception for Voyageur. The project is also notable for bringing Gregorian chants and tribal chants to the limelight, and popularising the usage of the Shakuhachi flute. Peculiar songs such as "The Voice and the Snake" and "Weightless" could be seen as experimental songs while instrumental-focused songs with no or minimal vocals were also found in all of the studio albums. In all of Cretu's five studio albums, he has experimented on songs with reversed vocals, the most prominent ones being on the Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! and The Screen Behind the Mirror albums, while reversed samples were somewhat hidden in Voyageur. The content of the project's music differs in album to album, from sexuality in "Principles of Lust", love in "Gravity of Love", and innocence in "Return to Innocence". However, Cretu describes Enigma's music as sensual and not sexual. Cretu is currently based in Ibiza, Spain. Until recently, he ran the A.R.T. Studios from his mansion in the Ibiza hills. He has now relocated to a purpose built mansion and has recently started installing a state-of-the-art recording studio inside one area of the building. Cretu is under contract by Virgin Records to release a total of eight albums at a rate of one per three years. At the current rate, the last Enigma album will be released in 2012, with the earliest album being released in 2006.

Members

Michael Cretu and Sandra Cretu has been with the project since the beginning of the project. Other musicians who had previously worked alongside Cretu in the production of Enigma's studio albums are Frank Peterson, David Fairstein and Peter Cornelius. Currently Cretu's only co-producer is Jens Gad. Guest singers who had been influential in Enigma's songs are Angel X who provided vocals in "Return to Innocence", and both Ruth-Ann Boyle and Andru Donalds in The Screen Behind the Mirror and Voyageur. Louisa Stanley and Elisabeth Houghton have also lent their voices in "The Voice of Enigma" and "The Gate".

Influence

Cretu's first two studio albums also led to the creation and popularity of bands and musical groups that follow similar styles as Cretu. Era and Gregorian (led by former Enigma member Frank Peterson) are among some notable groups which capitalised songs which heavily incorporate Gregorian chants in their works. Enigma and Deep Forest are also to be considered by many to have brought the tribal chant genre to the ears of the public. Critics and fans have noted down the probable influences if not similarities of Enigma and the works of other notable musicans. Some examples include Delerium's Semantic Spaces album, Mike Oldfield's albums, The Songs of Distant Earth and Tubular Bells III, B-Tribe's album Fiesta Fatal! and Sarah Brightman's song, "Eden". Sarah Brightman in the early 90s]] Several prominent songs from the project have appeared on notable TV shows and movies, such as:
- "Beyond the Invisible" in the TV series, La Femme Nikita.
- "Return to Innocence" in an episode of the TV series, The Outer Limits.
- "Return to Innocence" in the end credits of the movie, Man of the House.
- "Return to Innocence" and "Sadeness (Part I)" in the movie, Exit to Eden.
- "Sadeness (Part I)" in the movie, Boxing Helena.
- "Sadeness (Part I)" in the movie, Charlie's Angels.
- "Principles of Lust" in the movie, Single White Female.
- "Carly's Song", "Carly's Loneliness" and "Principles of Lust" in the movie, Sliver.
- "The Eyes of Truth" in the worldwide movie trailer for The Matrix and The Long Kiss Goodnight.
- "I Love You ... I'll Kill You" in the movie, Money Talks, and the trailer for the movie Eraser.
- "Smell of Desire" in the preview trailer for the movie Bounce. "Return to Innocence" also appeared in numerous TV commercials around the world, the theme song in one of Virgin Atlantic's commercials being one of them.

Sampling and lawsuits

In 1994, Cretu was sued by Munich-based choir Kapelle Antiqua and its record label, Polydor Germany for infringing its "right of personality" through distortion in the samples used in "Sadeness (Part I)" and "Mea Culpa". Although the source was technically in public domain, an unknown figure in compensation was still awarded to the choir. Cretu wasn't spared over the issue of sampling when in 1998, Kuo Ying-nan and Kuo Hsiu-chu from Taiwan's Ami tribe filed a suit over uncredited vocals in "Return to Innocence". Both of the lawsuits have since been settled, but besides compensation and acknowledgement on the source of samples on both lawsuits, the anonymity that Cretu intended to keep after the release of the first album was shattered due to the first lawsuit. Burned by the lawsuits, the samples used in the production of the third and fourth studio album, Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! and The Screen Behind the Mirror were credited properly this time and Cretu's fifth album, Voyageur contained no samples at all.

Discography

Note: all albums were released on Virgin Records or its subsidiary Virgin Schallplatten GmbH. The Eurochart singles top and Eurochart albums top are compiled by Music & Media trade magazine (subsidiary of Billboard magazine) and are based on the sales charts of 16 European countries. ([http://thunder.prohosting.com/~euro100/ countries list]).US Top data: for singles from The Billboard Hot 100, for albums from The Billboard 200;

Studio albums

Compilation albums / Boxsets

DVDs

Main article: List of Enigma videos
- Remember the Future (2001)
- MCMXC a.D.: The Complete Video Album (2003)
- MCMXC a.D.: The Complete Video Album / Remember the Future box set (2004)

Rare compilation albums


- Age of Loneliness (1994) – (Limited Edition "Greatest Remixes")
- The Eyes of Truth (1994) – (Limited Edition "Singles Collection")
- In The Beginning... (1997) – (Promotional Compilation CD)

Bootleg albums

Note: These albums are bootleg copies of songs done by other artists and packaged as created by Enigma.
- Metamorphosis – Bootleg album released in anticipation of The Screen Behind the Mirror
- Erotic Dreams
- Sleep – Bootleg album of Conjure One songs.

Singles

References


- [http://www.enigma-fanclub.com/max.htm Chart positions of albums and singles] [http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:3-UOpZyj1sMJ:www.fortunecity.com/tinpan/drake/193/m_chart.htm+sandra+longplay+chart&hl=en (Mirror site)]
- [http://www.everyhit.com/ UK chart positions]
- [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:i69us34ba3vg~T5 Billboard album charts from All Music Guide]
- [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:yt4uak3k5m3k~T51 Billboard single charts from All Music Guide]
- [http://www.enigmamusic.com/discography/ EnigmaMusic.com discography]

See also


- List of best-selling music artists
- List of number-one dance hits (United States)
- List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

External links


- [http://www.enigma.de Enigma.de] – Official Enigma website
- [http://www.crocodile-music.de/enigma/index.php Crocodile-Music.de] – Official Enigma management website.
- [http://enigmamusic.com EnigmaMusic.com] – Enigma fansite (maintained by Martyn Wooley), has extensive news and discography, and a message board.
- [http://enigmamusica.com/ EnigmaMusica.com] – Spanish Enigma fansite (maintained by Alonso Gutiérrez Ayuso), Spanish version of EnigmaMusic.com.
- [http://www.five.no/enigma/ Five.no/enigma] – Enigma fansite (maintained by Joar Grimstvedt), has extensive list of discography and news.
- [http://www.enigmalyrics.com.ar/ EnigmaLyrics.com.ar] – Lyrics and fansite (maintained by Osvaldo Dalzotto), has extensive list of lyrics and translations.
- [http://www.enigma-fanclub.com/ Enigma Fanclub] – Italian Enigma fanclub founded and mantained by Stefano XXXII.
Category:Enigma Category:Electronic music groups Category:House music groups Category:Techno music groups Category:Trance music groups Category:Ambient music groups Category:German musical groups Category:New Age musicians Category:Popular musical groups Category:Rhythmic Top 40 acts Category:1990s music groups Category:2000s music groups ja:エニグマ (ミュージシャン)

Common year starting on Monday

This is the calendar for a common year starting on Monday (dominical letter G), e.g. 2007, 2001, 1990, 1979, 1973... (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.)
2nd Millennium: 19th century: 1810 1821 1827 1838 1849 1855 1866 1877 1883 1894
2nd Millennium: 20th century: 1900 1906 1917 1923 1934 1945 1951 1962 1973 1979 1990
3rd Millennium: 21st century: 2001 2007 2018 2029 2035 2046 2057 2063 2074 2085 2091
3rd Millennium: 22nd century: 2103 2114 2125 2131 2142 2153 2159 2170 2181 2187 2198
Category:MondayCategory:Weeksko:월요일로 시작하는 평년th:ปีปกติสุรทินที่วันแรกเป็นวันจันทร์

Category:1990

Category:1990sko:분류:1990년ja:Category:1990年simple:Category:1990

January 3

January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 362 days (363 during leap years) remain in the year after this day.

Events


- 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the BishopPierre Cauchon.
- 1496 - Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine
- 1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bullDecet Romanum Pontificem.
- 1749 - Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
- 1777 - Battle of Princeton. American general George Washington defeats British general Charles Cornwallis.
- 1815 - Austria, Britain, and France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.
- 1823 - Stephen F. Austin receives a grant of land in Texas from the government of Mexico
- 1833 - Britain seizes control of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.
- 1834 - The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City
- 1840 - One of the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia's predecessor papers The Port Phillip Herald is founded by George Cavanaugh.
- 1852 - First Chinese arrive in Hawaii.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States
- 1868 - The Japanese Meiji dynasty is restored and the Shogunate is abolished.
- 1870 - The Brooklyn Bridge begins construction.
- 1888 - The 91 cm refracting telescope at Lick Observatory is used for the first time. It was the largest telescope in the world at the time.
- 1899 - The first known use of the word automobile, in an editorial in the New York Times.
- 1920 - Curse of the Bambino: The Boston Red Sox sell Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees for a sum of $125,000 and a loan of more than $300,000.
- 1921 - Turkey makes peace with Armenia.
- 1925 - Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.
- 1926 - General Theodorus Pángulos names himself dictator of Greece.
- 1938 - The March of Dimes is established by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- 1947 - Proceedings of the U.S. Congress are televised for the first time.
- 1951 - Dragnet airs on television for the first time (NBC).
- 1957 - Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch.
- 1958 - The West Indies Federation is formed.
- 1959 - Alaska is admitted as the 49th U.S. state.
- 1961 - The United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba.
- 1961 - The SL-1, a government-run reactor near Idaho Falls, Idaho leaks radiation, killing three workers at the installation. The radiation is contained.
- 1962 - Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro.
- 1966 - The first Acid Test at the Fillmore, San Francisco, California.
- 1973 - Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) sells the New York Yankees for $12 million to a 12-person syndicate led by George Steinbrenner.
- 1987 - Aretha Franklin becomes the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
- 1990 - Former leader of PanamaManuel Noriega surrenders to American forces.
- 1991 - Hockey Hall of Famer Wayne Gretzky scores his 700th goal.
- 1993 - In Moscow, George H. W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START).
- 1994 - An AeroflotTupolev TU-154 crashes and explodes after takeoff from Irkhutsk, Russia killing 125 including 1 on the ground
- 1997 - NBC's Today show host Bryant Gumbel signs off for the last time.
- 1999 - The Mars Polar Lander launched.
- 2000 - The last "Peanuts" comic strip is created by Charles Schulz.
- 2004 - Flight 604, a Boeing 737 owned by Flash Airlines, an Egyptian airliner, plunges into the Red Sea, killing all 148 aboard.

Births


- 106 BC - Cicero, Roman statesman and philosopher (d. 43 BC)
- AD 1196 - Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1231)
- 1710 - Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (d. 1796)
- 1719 - Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (d. 1773)
- 1722 - Fredric Hasselquist, Swedish naturalist (d. 1752)
- 1778 - Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish bishop (d. 1861)
- 1793 - Lucretia Mott, American women's rights activist and abolitionist (d. 1880)
- 1803 - Douglas William Jerrold, British playwright and satirist (d. 1857)
- 1840 - Father Damien, Belgian missionary in Hawaii (d. 1889)
- 1855 - Hubert Bland, English socialist (d. 1914)
- 1879 - Grace Coolidge, First Lady of the United States (d. 1957)
- 1883 - Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1967)
- 1887 - August Macke, German painter (d. 1914)
- 1892 - J. R. R. Tolkien, British writer and philologist (d. 1973)
- 1894 - Pola Negri, Polish actress (d. 1987)
- 1894 - ZaSu Pitts, American actress (d. 1963)
- 1897 - Marion Davies, American actress (d. 1961)
- 1901 - Ngo Dinh Diem, President of South Vietnam (d. 1963)
- 1905 - Anna May Wong, American actress (d. 1961)
- 1907 - Ray Milland, Welsh actor (d. 1986)
- 1909 - Victor Borge, Danish entertainer and humorist (d. 2000)
- 1911 - John Sturges, American director (d. 1982)
- 1912 - Armand Lohikoski, Finnish director (d. 2005)
- 1916 - John Joseph Allen, Staten Island NY
- 1916 - Betty Furness, American actress and consumer activist (d. 1994)
- 1917 - Roger W. Straus, Jr., American publisher (d. 2004)
- 1920 - Renato Carosone, Italian musician and singer (d. 2001)
- 1924 - Nell Rankin, American soprano (d. 2005)
- 1924 - Hank Stram, American football coach and broadcaster
- 1926 - George Martin, English producer of The Beatles' records
- 1929 - Sergio Leone, Italian director (d. 1989)
- 1930 - Robert Loggia, American actor
- 1932 - Dabney Coleman, American actor
- 1932 - Coo Coo Marlin, American race car driver (d. 2005)
- 1936 - Georgina Spelvin, actress
- 1939 - Bobby Hull, Canadian hockey player
- 1941 - Van Dyke Parks, American musician, composer
- 1942 - John Thaw, British actor (d. 2002)
- 1945 - Stephen Stills, American singer, songwriter, and guitarist
- 1946 - John Paul Jones, English bassist (Led Zeppelin)
- 1946 -